iOS SDK Конструктор чат-ботов

iOS users are among the most valuable customers in the mobile ecosystem. With over 1.5 billion active Apple devices and an audience that spends significantly more on in-app purchases and subscriptions than any other platform, delivering an exceptional in-app experience on iOS is critical for revenue and retention.

Apple users also have the highest expectations. They notice when an interface does not follow the Human Interface Guidelines, when animations stutter, when dark mode is not supported, or when accessibility features are missing. A chatbot that looks and feels like a native iOS experience is not optional — it is the baseline for user acceptance.

The Conferbot iOS SDK is built from the ground up for Apple's ecosystem. It offers native SwiftUI views and UIKit compatibility, follows the Apple Human Interface Guidelines, supports iOS 13+, and includes accessibility features like VoiceOver, Dynamic Type, and full dark mode support. The result is a chatbot that feels like it was built by your iOS team — because the SDK components integrate seamlessly with your existing Swift codebase.

Behind the native interface, the SDK connects to the same no-code chatbot builder, AI engine, and live chat system that powers all Conferbot channels. Build your conversational flows once, and the iOS SDK renders them with Apple-native polish. This guide covers installation, SwiftUI and UIKit integration, accessibility, customization, and best practices for 2026.

New to chatbot building? Start with our complete guide to building a chatbot without coding. The same chatbot works on Android, your website, WhatsApp, and Messenger. Browse our template library for pre-built in-app chatbot flows.

Source code & documentation: conferbot-ios on GitHub | Available on CocoaPods / SPM

The Conferbot iOS SDK supports both Swift Package Manager and CocoaPods, integrating into your Xcode project through standard dependency management workflows.

Option A: Swift Package Manager (Recommended)

1. In Xcode, go to File → Add Package Dependencies
2. Enter the repository URL: https://github.com/Conferbot/conferbot-ios
3. Select the version rule (e.g., "Up to Next Major Version")
4. Click "Add Package" and select the ConferbotSDK library

Option B: CocoaPods

Add to your Podfile:

pod 'ConferbotSDK', '~> 1.0'

Then run:

pod install

Step 2: Initialize the SDK

In your AppDelegate or App struct:

import ConferbotSDK

Conferbot.initialize(botId: "YOUR_BOT_ID")

Step 3: Add the Chat View

SwiftUI:

Use ConferbotChatView directly in your SwiftUI hierarchy:

ConferbotChatView()

Or use the floating button overlay:

ConferbotFloatingButton()

UIKit:

Present the chat as a view controller:

let chatVC = ConferbotChatViewController()

navigationController?.pushViewController(chatVC, animated: true)

Or present modally:

present(chatVC, animated: true)

Step 4: Configure Push Notifications (Optional)

1. Enable Push Notifications capability in your Xcode project
2. Configure APNs certificates or keys in your Apple Developer account
3. Upload the APNs authentication key to the Conferbot dashboard
4. Pass the device token to the SDK: Conferbot.shared.setDeviceToken(deviceToken)

Basic integration takes approximately 15 minutes. The SDK supports iOS 13+, covering 99%+ of active iPhone and iPad devices.

The Conferbot iOS SDK is designed to meet Apple's quality bar and integrate naturally with the iOS development ecosystem.

SwiftUI Native Views

The SDK provides native SwiftUI views that compose naturally with your existing SwiftUI code. ConferbotChatView, ConferbotFloatingButton, and ConferbotMessageBubble are standard SwiftUI views that support modifiers, environment values, and SwiftUI's declarative animation system. For SwiftUI apps, the recommended pattern is embedding ConferbotChatView within your NavigationStack or TabView hierarchy. The view reads SwiftUI environment values for colorScheme, dynamicTypeSize, and layoutDirection automatically, inheriting your app's appearance settings without extra configuration. Use the .overlay modifier with ConferbotFloatingButton for a floating chat bubble, or present the chat as a .sheet or .fullScreenCover. The SDK's views are compatible with SwiftUI's withAnimation and matchedGeometryEffect for polished custom transitions.

UIKit Compatibility

For apps built with UIKit (or those in the process of migrating to SwiftUI), the SDK provides ConferbotChatViewController — a full-featured UIViewController subclass that works with UINavigationController, tab bars, and modal presentations. You can also embed SwiftUI chat views in UIKit using UIHostingController, or wrap ConferbotChatViewController in SwiftUI using UIViewControllerRepresentable for hybrid architectures.

Combine Reactive State Management

The SDK exposes its internal state through Combine publishers for reactive programming. Key publishers include: Conferbot.shared.messagesPublisher (a CurrentValueSubject emitting the message list on every update), Conferbot.shared.connectionStatePublisher (connected, disconnected, or reconnecting), Conferbot.shared.unreadCountPublisher (for badge updates on tab bars and app icons), and Conferbot.shared.eventsPublisher (a PassthroughSubject emitting ChatEvent values for message received, conversation ended, handoff requested, and data captured). For Swift concurrency, all publishers are also available as AsyncSequence via the .values property, enabling use with async/await and structured concurrency. Subscribe to unreadCountPublisher to drive badge updates, or observe eventsPublisher to trigger in-app analytics when specific chatbot interactions occur.

Apple Human Interface Guidelines Compliance

Every visual element follows the HIG. Navigation patterns, button sizes, spacing, typography, and interaction patterns match what iOS users expect. The SDK uses system fonts (SF Pro) by default, respects safe areas, and follows iOS conventions for sheet presentations and gesture-based dismissal.

Dark Mode

Full dark mode support using iOS's semantic colors and adaptive color system. The chat UI automatically adapts when the user toggles between light and dark appearance, matching your app's dark mode implementation. No separate configuration needed — it works out of the box.

Dynamic Type

All text in the chat UI scales with the user's preferred text size setting. Whether the user has set their text to the smallest or largest accessibility size, message text, buttons, and headers adapt correctly. This is not just good practice — it is an App Store requirement for many categories.

VoiceOver Accessibility

Every interactive element in the chat has proper accessibility labels, traits, and hints for VoiceOver users. Message bubbles are announced with sender context, buttons describe their action, and the overall chat flow is navigable with VoiceOver gestures. Full Accessibility Inspector validated.

Push Notifications via APNs

When the bot sends a message while the app is backgrounded, users receive a native iOS push notification via Apple Push Notification service. Tapping the notification opens the chat directly. Badge count management is handled automatically.

Offline Support

Messages sent while offline are queued locally and delivered when connectivity returns. The SDK uses NWPathMonitor for reliable network state detection and Core Data for local message persistence.

SwiftUI Integration Deep Dive

The SDK's SwiftUI views are built as standard View conforming structs that compose naturally within your SwiftUI view hierarchy. ConferbotChatView supports ViewModifiers, environment values, and SwiftUI's built-in animation system. You can embed it in NavigationStack, TabView, or present it as a sheet. The floating button composable (ConferbotFloatingButton) uses SwiftUI's overlay system and supports custom positioning through alignment guides. For advanced use cases, the SDK provides ViewBuilder-based customization: pass custom views for the message bubble, input bar, header, quick replies, and empty state using trailing closure syntax that mirrors SwiftUI's native API patterns.

UIKit Compatibility Details

For apps still using UIKit (or migrating incrementally to SwiftUI), the SDK provides ConferbotChatViewController -- a fully featured UIViewController subclass that works with UINavigationController push/pop, UITabBarController tabs, and modal presentations (both sheet and fullscreen). The view controller respects UIAppearance proxies, supports trait collection changes for dark mode, and handles keyboard avoidance using UIKit's standard keyboard notification system. You can also embed SwiftUI chat views in UIKit using UIHostingController for a hybrid approach during migration.

App Store Review Guidelines

Apple's App Store review team evaluates chatbot integrations against specific guidelines. The Conferbot iOS SDK is designed to pass review smoothly:

• Guideline 4.0 (Design) — The SDK follows Apple's Human Interface Guidelines for layout, typography, and interaction patterns
• Guideline 2.5.1 (Software Requirements) — The SDK uses only public Apple APIs, no private frameworks
• Guideline 5.1.1 (Privacy) — The SDK does not collect personal data beyond what is needed for the conversation. Include chatbot data collection in your app's privacy nutrition label
• Guideline 4.2 (Minimum Functionality) — The chatbot enhances your app's primary function; it should not be the only feature
• Guideline 2.1 (App Completeness) — Ensure the chatbot responds correctly in review and is not in a broken or placeholder state

If your app targets regulated industries (health, finance), ensure your chatbot flows comply with the additional category-specific guidelines. The SDK itself has been validated against Apple's current review criteria and is actively maintained to stay compliant with guideline updates.

APNs Push Notification Configuration

Setting up push notifications for the iOS SDK involves three steps: (1) Enable the Push Notifications capability in your Xcode project's Signing & Capabilities tab, (2) Generate an APNs Authentication Key (p8 file) in your Apple Developer account under Certificates, Identifiers & Profiles > Keys, and (3) Upload the p8 key to the Conferbot dashboard under Settings > Push Notifications. The SDK handles token registration, notification display, and deep linking to the chat screen automatically. For apps that already use push notifications, the SDK provides a method to check if an incoming notification belongs to Conferbot: Conferbot.shared.canHandle(notification). This lets you route Conferbot notifications to the chat while passing other notifications to your existing handler.

The SDK provides extensive customization while maintaining Apple design consistency.

ConferbotTheme

Configure the visual appearance through a theme object:

• accentColor — Primary color for send button, links, and interactive elements (Color type)
• userBubbleColor / botBubbleColor — Separate bubble colors supporting light/dark mode variants
• backgroundColor — Chat screen background (defaults to system background)
• font — Custom font family (defaults to SF Pro for native feel)
• cornerRadius — Message bubble corner radius
• botAvatar — Custom image (UIImage, Image, or remote URL)
• showTimestamps — Toggle message timestamps visibility

SwiftUI Environment Integration

The SDK reads SwiftUI environment values for colorScheme, dynamicTypeSize, and layoutDirection. Your app's environment settings flow through to the chat UI automatically, ensuring consistent behavior without extra configuration.

Custom View Builders

Replace default views with your own SwiftUI implementations:

• messageBubbleBuilder — Custom message bubble view
• inputBarBuilder — Custom text input and send button area
• quickReplyBuilder — Custom quick reply button style
• headerBuilder — Custom chat header view
• emptyStateBuilder — Custom view when there are no messages

Delegate Callbacks

Implement the ConferbotDelegate protocol for event handling:

• conferbotDidReceiveMessage(_:) — Bot message received
• conferbotDidCompleteConversation(_:) — Conversation flow completed
• conferbotDidRequestHandoff(_:) — User requested human agent
• conferbotDidCaptureData(_:) — Contact or form data collected
• conferbotDidEncounterError(_:) — SDK error occurred

For SwiftUI, these are also available as Combine publishers and async/await APIs.

iOS users have the highest lifetime value in mobile. Keeping them engaged and supported within your app directly impacts revenue and retention.

Premium Customer Support

iOS users expect premium experiences. An in-app chatbot provides instant, branded support without the jarring context switch of leaving the app for email or a website. The bot handles routine questions while seamlessly escalating to live agents for complex issues. Apps with in-app support see 40% fewer App Store complaints about customer service.

Subscription Management

Help users understand subscription tiers, manage their plans, troubleshoot payment issues, and handle cancellation requests. For subscription-based iOS apps, proactive chatbot engagement during the trial period can increase conversion by 15-20%. The chatbot can explain features, offer personalized onboarding, and present upgrade options at optimal moments.

Concierge and Personalization

Luxury brands, travel apps, and premium services use the chatbot as a digital concierge. Personalized recommendations, preference management, exclusive access coordination, and VIP support create the white-glove experience that premium iOS users expect and are willing to pay for.

Health and Wellness

Appointment scheduling, health data inquiries, medication reminders, and symptom assessment. Healthcare apps on iOS must balance helpful automation with medical accuracy and privacy compliance. The chatbot handles administrative tasks while directing clinical questions to qualified professionals.

Educational Assistance

Course navigation, study material recommendations, deadline reminders, and interactive learning exercises. Education apps with in-app chatbots report 30% higher daily active usage as students engage with conversational content more frequently than traditional menus.

In-App Commerce

Product recommendations, order tracking, returns, and personalized promotions. For iOS e-commerce apps, the chatbot bridges the gap between browsing and buying with personalized, conversational guidance that converts browsers into buyers.

The Conferbot iOS SDK brings AI-powered chatbot capabilities to your iOS app with a native experience that meets Apple's quality standards. Here is your integration path.

Quick Start

1. Design your chatbot in the Conferbot visual builder — the same bot powers your app, website, and messaging channels
2. Add the SDK via Swift Package Manager or CocoaPods
3. Initialize with your bot ID in AppDelegate or App struct
4. Add the chat view — ConferbotChatView (SwiftUI) or ConferbotChatViewController (UIKit)
5. Customize the theme to match your app's design language
6. Test accessibility — Verify VoiceOver, Dynamic Type, and dark mode
7. Configure push notifications for background messaging

Accessibility Checklist

Apple requires and expects accessibility support. The SDK handles most of this automatically, but verify these items before App Store submission:

• VoiceOver navigates through all chat elements correctly
• Dynamic Type scales text to all sizes including accessibility sizes
• Dark mode renders all elements with proper contrast
• The chat interface works in landscape orientation on iPad
• Keyboard avoidance works correctly on all screen sizes

Conferbot iOS SDK vs Intercom vs Zendesk

Choosing an in-app chat SDK for iOS involves evaluating multiple factors beyond feature lists. Here is how Conferbot compares to the two most popular alternatives:

Criteria	Conferbot iOS SDK	Intercom iOS SDK	Zendesk iOS SDK
SwiftUI Support	Native SwiftUI views	UIKit with SwiftUI wrapper	UIKit only
No-Code Bot Builder	Full visual builder with AI	Limited flow builder	Basic answer bot
AI Capabilities	OpenAI + custom knowledge base	Fin AI (proprietary, add-on cost)	AI-assisted answers (limited)
SDK Size Impact	~2MB	~12MB	~8MB
Minimum iOS Version	iOS 13+	iOS 15+	iOS 14+
Dynamic Type Support	Full (all accessibility sizes)	Partial	Partial
VoiceOver Support	Full (Accessibility Inspector validated)	Basic labels	Basic labels
Offline Message Queue	Core Data backed	Yes	Yes
Omnichannel Deployment	Website, WhatsApp, Messenger, Android, Flutter, React Native	Website, Android, some channels	Website, Android, email
Pricing (Starter)	Free tier available	$74/seat/month	$55/agent/month
Calendar Booking	Built-in	Third-party integration	Not available
Custom View Builders	Full SwiftUI ViewBuilder API	Limited customization	Theme-based only

Conferbot's key advantage is the combination of a powerful AI chatbot builder with a lightweight, fully native iOS SDK. While Intercom and Zendesk are established support platforms, they carry larger SDK footprints, higher per-seat pricing, and less flexible bot building capabilities. For businesses that want to deploy the same chatbot across iOS, Android, website, and messaging channels like WhatsApp and Messenger — all from one visual builder — Conferbot delivers the most complete omnichannel solution at the most accessible price point. See pricing details for a full plan comparison.

Omnichannel Integration

Your iOS chatbot is part of Conferbot's omnichannel platform. The same bot powers your Android app, website, WhatsApp, and other channels. Build the conversational logic once and reach users on every device and platform they use. Conversations persist across channels — a user who starts in your iOS app can continue on WhatsApp or your website.

Why Conferbot iOS SDK

• Apple-native experience — SwiftUI and UIKit views following Human Interface Guidelines
• Full accessibility — VoiceOver, Dynamic Type, and high-contrast support built in
• Dark mode — Automatic light/dark adaptation using iOS semantic colors
• App Store ready — Designed to pass Apple's review guidelines without issues
• APNs push — Native push notifications with badge management
• Offline support — Core Data message queuing with NWPathMonitor
• AI-powered — AI knowledge base and OpenAI for intelligent in-app support
• Omnichannel — Same bot on Android, website, WhatsApp, and more
• Analytics — Track in-app engagement with built-in analytics

The iOS SDK is included in Pro plans and above. View pricing for details, or start building your chatbot flows today with the visual builder and add iOS integration when your app is ready. See how Conferbot compares to other chatbot platforms for mobile SDK capabilities.

Choosing between SwiftUI and UIKit for your Conferbot integration depends on your project's architecture, minimum deployment target, and team expertise. The Conferbot iOS SDK supports both approaches fully, so the choice is about what works best for your codebase.

Comparison Table

Criteria	SwiftUI (ConferbotChatView)	UIKit (ConferbotChatViewController)
Minimum iOS Version	iOS 14+ (full API surface)	iOS 13+
Integration Approach	SwiftUI View in NavigationStack, TabView, or sheet	UIViewController in UINavigationController or modal
Customization Model	ViewBuilder closures (trailing lambda syntax)	Delegate methods and UIAppearance proxies
Dark Mode	Automatic via environment colorScheme	Automatic via traitCollectionDidChange
Dynamic Type	Automatic via environment dynamicTypeSize	Requires UIFontMetrics scaling
Animation	withAnimation, matchedGeometryEffect	UIView.animate, CAAnimation
State Management	@StateObject, @ObservedObject, Combine	Delegate callbacks, Combine, KVO
Navigation Integration	NavigationStack, NavigationLink	UINavigationController push/pop
Floating Button	ConferbotFloatingButton as overlay	Programmatic UIButton with constraints
Preview Support	Xcode Previews with mock data	Limited (requires UIViewControllerRepresentable)
Hybrid Apps	Use UIViewControllerRepresentable for UIKit screens	Use UIHostingController for SwiftUI screens

Migration Path: UIKit to SwiftUI

If your app is migrating incrementally from UIKit to SwiftUI, the SDK supports a smooth transition. Start by wrapping ConferbotChatViewController in SwiftUI using UIViewControllerRepresentable for screens that are already SwiftUI. As you migrate more screens, switch to the native ConferbotChatView composable. Both approaches use the same underlying messaging engine and share conversation state, so switching UI layers does not affect ongoing conversations. For apps using UIHostingController to embed SwiftUI views in UIKit, the SDK's SwiftUI views work correctly inside hosting controllers — environment values propagate as expected.

Recommendation by Project Type

New projects: Use SwiftUI with ConferbotChatView. Apple's direction is clear — SwiftUI is the future of iOS UI development. The Conferbot SDK's SwiftUI views are purpose-built with ViewBuilder customization, Combine publishers, and async/await support. Existing UIKit projects: Use ConferbotChatViewController for immediate integration. When your team begins adopting SwiftUI for new screens, the native SwiftUI chat view is ready without re-integration work. Hybrid projects: Either approach works. Choose based on which framework the screen hosting the chatbot uses. The SDK handles both seamlessly.

For detailed integration examples, see the iOS SDK documentation on GitHub. Browse our template library for chatbot flows optimized for mobile in-app experiences.

Adding a chatbot to your iOS app can significantly improve your App Store metrics, but it must be implemented correctly to pass Apple's review process. This section covers App Store guidelines, common rejection reasons, and optimization strategies.

Apple Review Guidelines for Chat SDKs

Apple's review team evaluates chat SDK integrations against several specific guidelines. Understanding these upfront prevents rejection delays:

• Guideline 4.0 (Design) — The SDK must follow Apple's Human Interface Guidelines. Conferbot's SDK uses SF Pro system fonts, SF Symbols for icons, standard iOS navigation patterns, and Apple's semantic color system — meeting HIG requirements out of the box
• Guideline 2.5.1 (Software Requirements) — Only public APIs are permitted. The Conferbot SDK uses exclusively public Apple frameworks (UIKit, SwiftUI, Combine, Network, CoreData, UserNotifications) with no private API calls
• Guideline 5.1.1 (Data Collection and Storage) — You must accurately disclose the chatbot's data collection in your App Store privacy nutrition label. The Conferbot SDK collects: user-provided content (chat messages), device identifier (for push notifications if enabled), and usage data (conversation analytics). Include these categories in your privacy manifest
• Guideline 4.2 (Minimum Functionality) — The chatbot should enhance your app's primary function, not be the sole feature. Apple rejects "thin wrapper" apps where a chatbot is the only content
• Guideline 2.1 (App Completeness) — Ensure the chatbot responds correctly during review. Apple's reviewers will test the chatbot — if it returns errors, shows placeholder content, or is clearly non-functional, the app will be rejected

Common Rejection Reasons and How to Avoid Them

Rejection Reason	Guideline	How to Avoid
Chatbot returns errors during review	2.1	Test thoroughly before submission. Ensure bot flows handle all inputs gracefully
Privacy label does not include chat data	5.1.1	Add "User Content" and "Identifiers" categories to your privacy nutrition label
Chat UI does not match iOS design patterns	4.0	Use the SDK's default UI (HIG-compliant) or follow HIG when customizing
Missing privacy manifest (PrivacyInfo.xcprivacy)	5.1.1	The SDK ships with its own privacy manifest; ensure it is included in your build
Push notifications without clear user benefit	5.6	Only send notifications for messages the user is expecting (bot replies, agent responses)

App Store Metric Improvements

Apps with well-implemented in-app chat support see measurable improvements in App Store performance: 30-40% fewer 1-star reviews related to unresolved support issues (users resolve problems in-app instead of leaving negative reviews), 15-20% higher average rating within the first 90 days of chatbot deployment, 25% improvement in Day 7 retention (users who get help during onboarding are more likely to keep the app), and 40% faster response to App Store review complaints (the chatbot handles the same questions users raise in reviews). Include "24/7 in-app support" and "instant chat assistance" in your App Store description to improve discoverability for support-related searches. Use the Keywords field to add terms like "customer support," "chat help," and "live assistance" relevant to your category.

For detailed analytics on how your chatbot impacts app performance, use Conferbot's analytics dashboard. Track user satisfaction scores, resolution rates, and correlation with your App Store rating over time.

Push notifications are essential for re-engaging iOS users with their chatbot conversations. The Conferbot iOS SDK integrates with Apple Push Notification service (APNs) for reliable, native notification delivery.

Certificate vs Key-Based Authentication

Apple supports two methods for authenticating push notification requests. The Conferbot dashboard supports both:

Method	APNs Authentication Key (p8)	APNs Certificate (p12)
Recommended	Yes (Apple's preferred method)	Legacy — still supported
Expiration	Never expires	Expires annually (requires renewal)
Scope	Works for all apps under your team	One certificate per app + environment
Setup Complexity	Simple (one key, one upload)	Complex (separate dev/prod certs)
Environment Support	Both sandbox and production	Separate certificates needed
Where to Generate	Apple Developer > Keys	Apple Developer > Certificates

Recommendation: Use the APNs Authentication Key (p8). It never expires, works across all your apps, and covers both sandbox and production environments with a single key. Generate it at Apple Developer > Keys > Create a Key > Enable "Apple Push Notifications service (APNs)." Download the .p8 file (Apple only lets you download it once), note your Key ID and Team ID, and upload all three to the Conferbot dashboard under Settings > Push Notifications > iOS.

Notification Categories and Actionable Notifications

iOS supports notification categories with custom actions that users can take directly from the notification without opening the app. The Conferbot SDK registers two default categories:

• CONFERBOT_MESSAGE — Standard message notification with "Reply" (opens the chat) and "Mark as Read" (dismisses and clears badge) actions
• CONFERBOT_HANDOFF — Agent handoff notification with "Accept" (opens chat) and "Snooze" (reminds in 15 minutes) actions

For iOS 15+, the SDK supports notification summary grouping, Focus filter compatibility, and time-sensitive delivery for urgent messages (such as live agent responses). Time-sensitive notifications can break through Focus modes and scheduled delivery summaries, ensuring critical support messages reach users promptly.

Rich Notifications

The SDK includes a Notification Service Extension that enables rich push notifications with image previews, custom thumbnails, and expandable content. When the bot sends a message containing an image or product card, the push notification displays a preview of the image alongside the message text. This increases notification tap rates by 20-30% compared to text-only notifications. To enable rich notifications, add the ConferbotNotificationService extension target to your Xcode project and include it in your provisioning profile.

Badge Management

The SDK manages the app icon badge count automatically. When new messages arrive while the app is backgrounded, the badge increments. When the user opens the chat screen, the badge resets to zero. For apps that use the badge for other purposes (e.g., pending orders), the SDK provides Conferbot.shared.unreadCount so you can combine it with your own badge logic. Badge updates use silent push notifications on iOS, keeping the badge accurate even when the user has not opened the app in days.

Notification Privacy

By default, notification previews show the first 100 characters of the bot's message on the lock screen. For apps handling sensitive information (healthcare, finance), configure ConferbotNotificationConfig.showPreviewOnLockScreen = false to display "New message" instead of the actual content. Users can still see previews by authenticating with Face ID or Touch ID. This behavior aligns with iOS's built-in "Show Previews: When Unlocked" setting and respects the user's global preference.

For the complete mobile engagement strategy, see our engagement optimization guide. Compare iOS push capabilities with Android FCM and other channels on the platform comparison page.